The evolution of novelty through subtle tinkering

William the Conqueror, in his birth place Falaise.

The genealogies of European royalty are genuinely terrifying in their complexity. No matter which history book you open, someone is always marrying some cousin of the third degree. To give you an idea: there are at least 4,010 different lines of descent from William the Conqueror to Prince William. Go figure. Protein families might rival [...]

Sponge Genomes: Simply Complex

Spongia officinalis, or "kitchen sponge". It is dark grey because it is alive, unlike the one in your bathtub.

You might not think much of sponges. Maybe you feel that they’re only good for rubbing your back and cleaning your kitchen sink. While you’re absolutely right that sponges have to be admired for their absorbing qualities, they have much more to offer this world. Like on the front of early animal evolution: new research [...]