Out of Gondwana: the early evolution of bees

Leafcutter bee (Megachile centuncularis) cutting a leaf.

Masonry is serious business for mason bees. They build their brood cells inside cavities such as hollow reeds, rotting wood or cracks in buildings. They first fill these cells with pollen and nectar, to feed the larvae that will grow inside, before sealing them off with a mix of mud and sand. The mud partitions [...]

Flying and Biting in the London Underground

Londoners seeking shelter in the Elephant and Castle underground station during the Blitz.

In the early September days of 1941, the German Luftwaffe started a prolonged bombardment of London which would later become known as ‘the Blitz‘. As the bombs continued to drop for months, thousands of Londoners sought refuge in the underground railway system. During the most intense periods of bombardment, the London Underground was home to [...]

Smooth evolution: spider silk proteins

Spider-Man, a man of many... uh, one talent. Can shoot different types of webbing though!

Like a spider web, the evolution of spider silk proteins looks pretty complex. New research sheds some light on the evolution of these stretchy, sticky and tough proteins. Everyone knows Spider-Man’s main (and only?) talent is shooting sticky liquid from his “web-shooters”. Often his webs take the form of a rope that is perfect for [...]

Bacteria force wasps to leave sex behind

Without male wasps to admire her, The Wasp married Ant Man.

An end to the blogging hiatus at last! I hope to entertain you with the fascinating story on how female wasps got rid of their men and sex in return for bacterial endosymbionts.. Despite the obvious benefits of pleasure and procreation, sex has other advantages. The genetic material of both parents gets mixed in new [...]