Out of Gondwana: the early evolution of bees

Leafcutter bee (Megachile centuncularis) cutting a leaf.

Masonry is serious business for mason bees. They build their brood cells inside cavities such as hollow reeds, rotting wood or cracks in buildings. They first fill these cells with pollen and nectar, to feed the larvae that will grow inside, before sealing them off with a mix of mud and sand. The mud partitions [...]

We Are Nobody: Contingency and Convergence in Evolution

A butterfly emerges from its cocoon. No butterfly can change this outcome.

It is the year 2092. Nemo Nobody is the last mortal on our planet. At 117 years old, the brittle Nemo is almost at the end of his life. Everyone around him will live forever, whereas he will be the last one to die. Nemo spends his last days in a hospital where he features in [...]

Crabs expose colliding continents

A well hidden paddyfield's crab (Paratelphusa) on West Java. Source.

Every high school student now learns that plate tectonics slowly drive our continents in different directions. Since only the most uncontroversial scientific knowledge finds its way to high school text books, it’s hard to imagine that when the theory of continental drift was proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912, it was firmly rejected by the [...]

Spitting with a segmented brain

The monstrous head of the velvet worm, including antennae (an), jaws (jw), slime papillae (sp) and legs (le).

The darkness is everywhere in this pitch black and humid forest. Unaware of the ancient hunter that is slowly wiggling its way through the undergrowth on its cute stubby legs, you are cleaning yourself after a long and tiring day. Suddenly, you’re stuck in a mass of glue and are no longer able to move. [...]

Trans-Splicing: a Patchy Story

There’s a lot that can happen before the information inside a gene gets translated into a protein. For example, RNA transcripts that are derived from sequences that are located far away from each other on the genome can be fused in a process called trans-splicing. Trans-splicing has been observed in several eukaryotic species, including Hydra’s [...]