The Last Great Auk

errol great auks last stand

The black and white Great Auk was a beautiful bird of bizarre proportions. Its ribbed beak was huge and unwieldy, its legs were too short and its stubby wings were far too small to carry its big body into the air. In these regards, the Great Auk’s clumsy appearance rivals that of the Dodo. And [...]

New family tree of worms has roots in the 19th century

Tomompteris, a free-living worm belonging to the Errantia. When they are disturbed, they release glowing particles from their parapodia.

Nineteenth century biologists had a point when they divided the ringed worms into free-living hunters and sessile filter feeders. Their classification was dismissed in the 1970s, but a closer look at the genes of many different worms now shows that they were closer to the truth than their later colleagues. The classification of worms got [...]

Where does milk come from?

Milk: where does it come from?

Milk comes from cows. Most of us know that. More urban readers are forgiven for thinking milk comes from supermarkets. But the the question where milk comes from has the potential to reach beyond dairy farms and breakfast tables. It could be about the origins of milk itself, millions of years ago. “Where does milk [...]

We Are Nobody: Contingency and Convergence in Evolution

A butterfly emerges from its cocoon. No butterfly can change this outcome.

It is the year 2092. Nemo Nobody is the last mortal on our planet. At 117 years old, the brittle Nemo is almost at the end of his life. Everyone around him will live forever, whereas he will be the last one to die. Nemo spends his last days in a hospital where he features in [...]

Crabs expose colliding continents

A well hidden paddyfield's crab (Paratelphusa) on West Java. Source.

Every high school student now learns that plate tectonics slowly drive our continents in different directions. Since only the most uncontroversial scientific knowledge finds its way to high school text books, it’s hard to imagine that when the theory of continental drift was proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912, it was firmly rejected by the [...]

Flying and Biting in the London Underground

Londoners seeking shelter in the Elephant and Castle underground station during the Blitz.

In the early September days of 1941, the German Luftwaffe started a prolonged bombardment of London which would later become known as ‘the Blitz‘. As the bombs continued to drop for months, thousands of Londoners sought refuge in the underground railway system. During the most intense periods of bombardment, the London Underground was home to [...]