Where does milk come from?

Milk: where does it come from?

Milk comes from cows. Most of us know that. More urban readers are forgiven for thinking milk comes from supermarkets. But the the question where milk comes from has the potential to reach beyond dairy farms and breakfast tables. It could be about the origins of milk itself, millions of years ago. “Where does milk [...]

We Are Nobody: Contingency and Convergence in Evolution

A butterfly emerges from its cocoon. No butterfly can change this outcome.

It is the year 2092. Nemo Nobody is the last mortal on our planet. At 117 years old, the brittle Nemo is almost at the end of his life. Everyone around him will live forever, whereas he will be the last one to die. Nemo spends his last days in a hospital where he features in [...]

The Language Tree

Language evolution

In the 17th century, the Japanese shoguns decided that the only Westerners allowed to trade with the Japanese empire, would be the Dutch. By doing so they not only opened up their country to sugar, cotton and silk, they also unintentionally exposed the Japanese language to Dutch words and terminology. Many Dutch naval terms and words [...]

Guest post: Tiny tunicate throws structure to the wind

This is the introduction of a guest post which I wrote for Hannah from the award winning blog Culturing Science. She writes great posts on ecology, evolution and science (communication) itself, so go and check out some of her writings! Just below the surface of the sea, little animals are floating through a universe where [...]

Cyanobacterial neurotoxin evolved billions of years ago

Anabaena circinalis, a cyanobacterium that forms coiled filaments.

On the evening of June 5 in 1990, six fishermen prepared a meal of baked fish, boiled rice, boiled potatoes and boiled blue mussels that they had harvested themselves off the coast of Nantucket. An hour after finishing the meal, their mouths started to tingle. Their face, arms, legs and tongue soon went numb. These [...]

The algae's accent

Acetabularia, subtropical green algae from the class of Ulvophyceae.

Different cultures around the world have sought to explain the multitude of human languages. In the Bible you can find the story of the Tower of Babel, set in a time when all of humanity spoke one language. The unity that this common language instilled allowed these people to do great things. But when they [...]