Resurrecting ancient apples and proteins

Here come the apples

“It is possible to travel back in time” is a bold way to begin a scientific paper by any standard. This promising first sentence appeared in a the respectable journal Nature Structural and Molecular Biology, earlier this year. The words that follow reveal why: “at the molecular level by reconstructing proteins from extinct organisms.” When [...]

Out of Gondwana: the early evolution of bees

Leafcutter bee (Megachile centuncularis) cutting a leaf.

Masonry is serious business for mason bees. They build their brood cells inside cavities such as hollow reeds, rotting wood or cracks in buildings. They first fill these cells with pollen and nectar, to feed the larvae that will grow inside, before sealing them off with a mix of mud and sand. The mud partitions [...]

The Last Great Auk

errol great auks last stand

The black and white Great Auk was a beautiful bird of bizarre proportions. Its ribbed beak was huge and unwieldy, its legs were too short and its stubby wings were far too small to carry its big body into the air. In these regards, the Great Auk’s clumsy appearance rivals that of the Dodo. And [...]

How baleen whales lost a gene and their teeth

Reconstruction of Aeitocetus - a species of whal that lived 25 million years ago had both teeth and baleen.

When a blue whale opens its mouth, tonnes of water surge in. The whale then forces the water back out with its tongue, in such a way that it flows through the baleen combs in the front of its mouth. These baleen plates can filter up to half a million calories worth of plankton, krill [...]

New family tree of worms has roots in the 19th century

Tomompteris, a free-living worm belonging to the Errantia. When they are disturbed, they release glowing particles from their parapodia.

Nineteenth century biologists had a point when they divided the ringed worms into free-living hunters and sessile filter feeders. Their classification was dismissed in the 1970s, but a closer look at the genes of many different worms now shows that they were closer to the truth than their later colleagues. The classification of worms got [...]

Far side of the chloroplast

CAPTION

In the arid shrublands of the Australian outback, an orchid grows. Hundreds of small flowers are blooming within its lilac leaves. It is unlikely you have ever seen this rare and endangered orchid. In the thirty years after its discovery in 1928, the orchid was seen just six times. Even if you had the luck [...]